Analysing obesity in the US

Analysing obesity in the US Obesity continues to be a growing crisis in the United States. Too many people arent taking into account that its become a serious health threat that people can prevent, but its as if people arent trying. Too much food in too many places and so much technology made for so many different things are causing people to notice their waistlines expanding. People claim that they cant help how heavy they and blame it on things such as not be able to exercise because theyre too busy, when its a number of different things. People need to start doing things in their every day life to avoid becoming obese. It seems like now days Americans are worried about their weight more than ever. With all the diet pills, health clubs, and just plain fitness craze one would think the United States would be in pretty good shape, but its the complete opposite. The more variety of unhealthy foods that are offered and the more short cuts technology are providing now days, the more Americans find their waistlines expanding. Why is it that healthy foods are so expensive and junk food is always five for the price of one? Obesity is a major problem in the United States today. With all the troubles and worries in the world, obesity is quickly becoming a very important problem to worry about. It can basically be made into a life and death situation. The parents that just sit on the couch eating chips while setting an example for their children, the schools that want to cut their physical education class, the greasy foods that fast food restaurants provide, and the major food companies that keep coming up wit h new ideas to add to the number of unhealthy choices Americans make are just a few of the many causes of this rising epidemic. Obesity is continuing to get worse as more and more people continue to eat themselves to the point where they cant do anything about it. Americans are literally eating themselves to death and do not realize it. The government continues to warn that obesity is getting out of control and something has to be done, but how is anything going to get done if nobody is doing anything about it? According to Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee from an article written by Karen Tumulty, if someone isnt willing to step in, the generation of young Americans being brought into this world today is being expected to have a shorter life span than their parents and even their grandparents (Tumulty, 2006). There are so many choices in todays food and nearly half of Americas food is proven to be unhealthy. It is not easy to make the choice between a salad with low fat dressing versus a quick plump juicy burger from McDonalds. Children are being taught that its okay to eat fast food, and arent being pushed to eat their fruits, vegetables, as well as many other things that are needed for a healthy diet. According to Kaplan (1998), â€Å"children learn to eat the wrong foods and consume empty calories from junk food each day† (p. 218). As children get older, they wont know how to make the right choices between healthy snacks and junk food. America will soon find that obesity rates have sky rocketed, and they wont be able to do anything about it. Time is running out, and someone has to step in to stop this soon to be number one killer. Although metabolism has to deal with the way people burn the food they eat, doesnt mean that the metabolism they might get from their parents is going to make them obese. Bjorntorp (2001), stated that â€Å"several observations point in the direction that physical inactivity is the main cause of the obesity epidemic† (p. 1006). If one doesnt exercise how do they expect to maintain a healthy weight? People have to eat in order to survive. Its what they eat, and how much they eat that plays a part on how their body looks. Children weight more today than they did 20 years ago and the main problem appears to be not getting enough exercise (Kaplan, 1998). How does a person think they are going to remain healthy if they dont somehow burn some of the calories they ingest daily? America is surrounded by unlimited, easily available foods. Nobody ever has to worry about running out of food. Although its hard to fight off the urge to reach for that bag of chips, its quite possible. Peopl e have to learn self will and the fact is that the more weight people gain the harder it is for them to lose weight. As just mentioned, exercising helps a person lose weight, but if someone has McDonalds for lunch and supper every day then run over five miles daily isnt going to help them to be healthier. They may not become obese, but once they become older and arent able to run as much as they used to, then they soon find their metabolism slows down. They now have to change their eating habits because they start having health problems that interfere with their everyday life. It doesnt matter how active someone can be, having an unhealthy diet can cause serious health problems later down the road. Obesity cant be blamed on only one thing; its a number of different things. Of course eating healthy is a sure way to fight off obesity. According to an online source, a studys lead author â€Å"blames the environment in which Americans live.† He says, â€Å"there is too much food available, social situations encourage overeating, restaurants compete with each other by offering bigger and bigger servings and technology has made it possible to avoid exercise† (1998). If we have problems now with trying to find ways to be active, imagine how it will be like ten years from now. Pretty soon things will be so easy that nobody will care they are obese when in todays society obesity is looked down upon. How far is this rising epidemic going to go? Discrimination goes back to the early Christian church when gluttony was one of the seven deadly sins. According to Spake (2004), â€Å"obesity was viewed as the outward manifestation of the ‘sin of overindulgence† (p. 52). It seems like today the media is trying to make it look like being overweight isnt bad. Although obesity is brought up as such a major problem, why is the media trying to make it look like being overweight isnt bad? Some would argue that its for the teenage girls that are struggling with an eating disorder. Seeing skinny models all over the television screen doesnt help teenage girls with problems like that, but seeing bigger people; even obese people, all over the television screen doesnt help children figure out that eating healthy helps you to remain fit either. Obesity can cause a lot of problems in a persons life; problems that are preventable. Becoming obese has many health problems related to it. So far, obesity is catching up to smoking as the number one cause of preventable death. According to the American Obesity Association major insurance companies boost coverage for obesity treatment and prevention, and a persons lifespan may be cut short by obesity. Obesity carries the major risk for getting type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and some cancers. Tumulty (2006) stated that, â€Å"health care providers say they are seeing something of an epidemic of potentially lethal Type II diabetes, once known as the adult-onset version of the disease, among children as young as 10 and 11† (p. 40). How are the next generations going to survive when America provides to this deadly disease known as obesity. Children learn how to eat healthy at a young age. Fact is that if children are fed healthy foods, and are taught to eat healthy foods at a young age then they are bound to keep it that way as they get older; this has to start with the parents. If parents sit on the couch and eat high fat foods then tell their children to eat right and go out and exercise isnt gong to get the job done. Parents have to keep foods that are high in fat, and sodas that are high in sugar out of the house. They should have fruits and vegetables on hand so their children learn to eat healthy. Children can have pretty much all they want of fruits and vegetables. In an interview done by Nanci Hellmich (2006) with nutrition professionals it was stated that eating habits begin with the parents. Eat healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables and stay away from the high fat and deep fried foods. Also be sure to have some sort of physical activity daily (p. 8d). Parents have control over what their child eats at a young age, but once the child starts to go to school, its hard to see what the child eats. This is where the school should step in. Standards should be set with the types of foods that are provided in school lunches, but how is this going to be done if there isnt any intervention from the school itself? People have control over their own body, but these day its hard for working parents to find time to prepare meals from fresh food when all they have to do is pay for cheep fast food that can by bought in big portions. Its also hard for children going to schools that are getting rid of their physical education classes and playgrounds because the school doesnt have enough money to support such things. Instead they allow vending machines and food advertising in their buildings. The article Junk Food Nation by Gary Ruskin and Juliet Schor is trying to tell people that junk food has become a major problem in the US today concerning obesity and certain people arent taking into consideration that it actually is a real problem. They blame it on other things like watching too much TV and not exercising enough. They dont think the greasy foods that fast food restaurants provide and the king sized bags of candy that gas stations sell as well as lunches that schools sell dont play a part in the young obesity in this country. When really it plays a big part and the people that should care about this problem leave it up to the people that really dont have much control over it (Ruskin Schor, 2005). If a child goes to a school that doesnt have any physical education classes and receives a unhealthy lunch everyday is bound to live an unhealthy life-style. Children these days are getting bigger than ever and its as if nobody cares. It also seems like the media is targeting the youth of the United States. Tumulty (2006) stated that, â€Å"the rates of obesity among children and teens have tripled in the past 25 years† (p. 40). The next generations are going to be bigger than ever. According to an article by Gary Ruskin and Juliet Schor (2005), â€Å"Kraft announced it would no longer market Oreos to younger children, McDonalds promoted itself as a salad producer and Coca-Cola said it wont advertise to kids under 12. But behind the scenes its hardball as usual, with junk food giants pushing the Bush Administration to defend their interests† (p. 15). Children these days are getting bigger than ever. Its not just because of the foods they eat, its because theyre parents and how they set an example for them, the school lunches theyre provided everyday, and the chances they actually get to be outside or just plain get to get up and do something. If schools are getting rid of their physical education classes, how are todays youth and Americas future youth going to be able to stay fit? With how bad obesity is now, why is America making it worse? Schools need to make it clear to children about the effects of eating unhealthy. Grimm (n.d.) stated that a â€Å"Department of Agriculture study calculated that 95% of the 10,000 food commercials children see each year pitch high fat, high sugar products† (p. 108). How far are big food companies willing to go to make the future generations of America even unhealthier than it already is? America knows that obesity has become something serious, yet schools are marketing to their students with allowing vending machines with unhealthy foods as well as soda machines with drinks that are high in sugar and calories while getting rid of their physical education classes because they dont have enough money to support it. Vending companies are offering schools money just so the school will market their product. Its almost as if food companies are more worried about their own businesses rather than worrying about this growing health issue occurring in the United States. Overeating seems to be a problem in the United States today. This can be one of the main causes for the number of obese people in America. Restaurants provide huge meals and fast food restaurants provide large portions of greasy foods for cheep. A glycemic index (GI) indicates the rate at which carbohydrates are digested and absorbed and this can also trigger over eating (Amersbach, 1999). Foods with a low GI includes fruit and vegetables; foods with a medium GI include milk and oatmeal; and foods with a high GI includes the foods that Americans love such as muffins, donuts, and so on. If one eats a low GI breakfast its been proven that they feel fuller and eat less through out the day. If one eats a high GI breakfast then those people usually find that theyre eating an hour later because they feel hungry. If a person is hungry two hours after a meal, the fact is that theyve eaten the wrong foods. Obesity can cause a lot of problems in a persons everyday life. Imagine going to a theater and not being able to fit into the seats or having to buy an extra plane ticket because its not possible to fit into just one seat, but most of all imagine going out in public while having every person just stare. Obesity doesnt just cause health problems; it causes mental and physiological problems as well. How can eating; the simplest thing ever, turn into something so deadly? Why do people seem to indulge in so many unhealthy foods when they know the consequences? With all the choices there are in America and all the marketing for unhealthy foods, it shouldnt surprise people that obesity has become a fatal problem in the United States today; a fatal problem that can be prevented. If something isnt done now, obesity will continue to threaten the lives of many. How can one avoid becoming obese? Its simple; eat right, exercise, and remember that obesity is a disease that is treatable, but one h as to be willing to help their self. No drugs and prescriptions can treat this disease. Its the personal responsibility a person must have to keep their body fit and to live a healthy lifestyle. References Amersbach, G. (1999, November). Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. In a low-fat world, why are Americans getting fatter? Retrieved April 10, 2008, from, http://nutrition.tufts.edu/magazine/1999fall/ roberts.html. Bjorntorp, P. (2001, September 22). Thrifty genes and human obesity. Are we chasing ghosts? Lancet, 358, 1006-1008. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from EBSCOhost. CNN.com. (1998, May 28). Study: Americans fatter than ever and getting even fatter. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from, http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9805/28/obesity/ Grimm, M. (n.d.). Is marketing to kids ethical? Business, pp. 107-112. Hellmich, N. (2006, April 5). How parents can handle the sensitive but critical topic of weight. USA Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from EBSCOhost. Kaplan, P. (1998). Human Odyssey: Life-Span Development. Sixth Edition.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company: Pacific Grove, CA. Ruskin, G., Schor, J. (2005, August 29). Junk food nation. The Nation, 281, 15-17. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from EBSCOhost. Spake, A. (2004, February 9). Rethinking weight. U.S. New World Report, 136, 50- 56. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from EBSCOhost. Tumulty, K. (2006, March 27). The politics of fat. Time, 167, 40-43. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from EBSCOhost.

Expectations manipulate the reader Essay

How does Dickens Presentation of Pips threatened childhood in chapters 1-8 of great Expectations manipulate the reader? ‘Great expectations’ is a book written by Charles Dickens, and was first published in 1861. Charles Dickens was a Victorian writer and also a social commentator during the time. The novel ‘Great Expectations’ commentates on lower class life in the Victorian era. The book is mainly based on social criticism. The novel is about a boy called Pip who has a cruel start to life, living with his mean sister and her husband. With many people indifferent to Pips life, Pip starts with low expectations wanting to go to prison. Afterwards his life changes when he is described as a common labouring boy, eager to change this he also changes his expectations in life and from wanting to go to prison, or becoming a blacksmith he wants to become a gentleman and have a high status. Throughout the novel we are manipulated into feeling sorry for Pip. The events in his life, the people he meets and the way he is treated from childhood till he is grown up. Pip is an orphan at the beginning of the story, this and the factors such as that his parents are dead make us feel sorry for him. He also lives with his sister who is a harsh and beastly woman and treats him horridly. We are first introduced to Pip whilst he is a child. While in the graveyard he meets an escaped convict who treats him harshly. One of the ways that Dickens manipulates us during this is showing how unprotected and weak Pip is. ‘After each question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a greater sense of helplessness and danger’ (chapter 1) this quote shows how feeble Pip is. We are later manipulated even more by the way his sister treats him. Contempt and hatred are just some of the ways that could be used to describe her attitude towards him. Hence he is a lonely, weak boy who has no parents. Mrs Joe ‘applied Tickler to its further investigation. She concluded by throwing me – I often served as a connubial missile’. She beats Pip and acts as if he is nothing but a mere slave to her and must do as he is told or she willHow does Dickens successfully link Magwitch’s appearance in Chapter one with his return in Chapter Thirty-nine in ‘Great Expectations’? ‘Great Expectations’ is set in the 1800’s, for gentlemen of that time, life was rich and full of beautiful houses and places. Because they didn’t have to work they spent their days chatting, going to dinners and just having fun. But for the working class, they had to always be thinking of ways to make money and always working to secure their next meal. This novel was serialised, which meant that the story was published part by part and so, many groups of people would gather together to read the story. They could then tell each other what they thought was going to happen in the next couple of chapters. To make the audience want to read the next couple of chapters, Dickens had to end each chapter with a cliff hanger. The central protagonist in this novel is Pip. In the first chapter we learn that Pip’s parents are dead and so he lives with his sister and her husband. We also learn that he had 5 other brothers and sisters who have also died as their five mini gravestones or rocks are beside Pip’s parents grave. He frequently visits his parent’s grave even though he has no memory of ever seeing them. He paints a picture in his mind of his mum and dad. In this chapter we get to meet Abel Magwitch who will become a central figure in Pip’s life. Dickens successfully uses pathetic fallacy in both Chapter One and Chapter Thirty-nine to create a negative tension. In Chapter One, he describes the weather with negative adjectives such as ‘sting’, ‘torn’, and ‘growled’. These all give negative connotations to the reader to create the bad tension in the weather. He also uses the onomatopoeia like ‘shivers’ and ‘shuddering’ to show how the weather is affecting people. He also uses the word ‘shuddering’ again in Chapter Thirty-nine providing an obvious link in the weather. Dickens uses the adjective ‘angry’ more then once to show that whatever is going to happen won’t be good. In Chapter Thirty-nine, Dickens hints at negative events by using the simile, ‘like discharges of a cannon’ which also ties into Chapter One because it is signalling that an escaped convict could be entering the story again because a cannon would sound whenever a convict had escaped. Dickens describes the weather as ‘stormy and wet, stormy and wet’ which uses repetition to push across how bad the weather is. He also says, ‘mud, mud, mud’ which is a list of three, which is a very convincing technique to help set the scene for Magwitch’s return.

Movie Analysis Essay

There are many versions of Spiderman, but â€Å"Amazing Spider-man† is the best version ever. The graphic works, the music, and the plot are amazing like the movie title. The Amazing spider-man is not connected to the previous Spiderman movie. One online film critic stated that there is a silent war ongoing right now between two of the big comic book flicks hit theaters in July of 2012: Warner Bros. ’ The Dark knight Rises and Sony’s The Amazing Spider-Man (Sandy Schaefer). In addition, I do believe that this movie really sound like a more genuinely contemporary portrayal of the eponymous webslinger than that offered in Raimi’s previous movie trilogy. Although some of the character I do not like the way they act and somehow they cannot give me a clear mind what they should able to act, I could still agree this version of the Spiderman is the best I have seen. The characters in the movie are very rich for the audience to watch. Every action movie are essential to have the element of love scene, fighting scene, the falling scene, and the return scene. The main character is obviously the Spider-man Peter Parker. Here is the aforementioned from Amazing Spider-Man: â€Å"Like most teenagers his age, Peter [played by Andrew Garfield] is trying to figure out who he is and how to be the person he is today. In his journey to put the pieces of his past together he uncovers a secret that his father [Campbell Scott] held†¦ a secret that will ultimately shape his destiny as Spider-Man. This is the first in a series of movies that tells a different side of the Peter Parker story. † (Schaefer). Peter Parker has struggled to find his purpose in life, ever since Peter’s parents disappeared 13 years old. Like other movies, he must face the ultimate challenge on the brink of unlocking the mystery. Thus, he is absolutely hero archetype that he defeats Dr. Connors and safe the whole New York City. The female character, Spider-man girlfriend, Gwen Stacy is knowledgeable and wise. For some moment, she is charismatic and rebellious when she deal with her family. Gwen is the chief intern at Oscorp, a position she takes very seriously. However, her mentor Dr. Connors is the competitor of Spiderman. Captain Stacy is an esteemed police officer who leads the investigation into Spiderman. Captain Stacy is highly alert to his family more than the city, especially his only daughter, Gwen. Apparently, the villain is Dr. Connors. It is not clear that he is the lizard when it comes to the end. He is a scientist that attempts to engineer a revolutionary regeneration serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue. He became so horrible at the end. The hero’s journey is always followed by the 17 stages of Joseph Cambell’s Monomyth. But for nowadays movies, they eliminate some of the stages in a simply form. Not surprisingly, Campbell’s idea is generally applied to many Hollywood screenwriting and literature as well. The Ordinary World- Peter Parker is a student at Midtown Science High School, and he lives with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. His parent is a mystery and left him with no explanation when he was young. As a result, Peter is frustrated and longs to find out more about his father and why he left. Peter is weird around his peers, but he still sticks up for the underdog. Call to Adventure- Peter found out a file and lead him to research his father’s lab partner who works at Oscorp Tower, Dr. Connors. He goes to him and look out for answers. Later, he is bitten by a spider that is being used to create biocable. He starts to have the abilities of spider. He has been introduced to the Special World that is opposite of what he knows. Refusal of the Call- Peter begins to test his power, and using them to beat the bully who picked on him, Flash Thompson. His emotion change and have argument with Uncle Ben. Because Uncle Ben feels his strange behavior, so he follows him and that make the tragedy of the thief shoots Uncle Ben. Meeting with the Mentor- Dr. Connors is a mentor to him when it comes to science. Another crucial mentor is Uncle Ben of course. Hence, he gives a big influence on Peter, and when he dies, Peter is pushed to his limits. Crossing the Threshold- Because of the death of Uncle Ben, Peter pushed himself into the Special World. Peter tries to hunt the thief who murdered Uncle Ben. Test, Allies, Enemies- When Peter fights crime, he confronts criminals and makes enemies. At school, he developed a friendship with Gwen. His tests are increasing in difficulty: Dr. Connors displayed a semblance of friendship toward him, but as his identity shifts into the Lizard, this will change. Captain Stacy, Gwen’s father, shows an antagonistic attitude toward Peter and his alter-ego. Approach- Spiderman tries to stop the creature on the bridge. The Lizard got a big fight at Midtown Science high School, and Peter tries to stop him with Gwen’s help. Ordeal- Spiderman was shot by a police bullet that stuns him electrically. It is a hard time to Spiderman to fight his way out, reveals his identity to Captain Stacy. Reward- Captain Stacy lets him go, showing his trust in Peter. Resurrection- The Lizard is strong and powerful. Captain Stacy and Peter Parker finally work together to restrict the activities and take the Lizard down. Return with the Elixir- Dr. Connors has been returned back to normal. He has saved Gwen, but Captain Stacy was killed. As he dies, he asks Peter to keep Gwen out of his life to protect her. It is not only a promise to Captain Stacy, but also in a carton of eggs. He is a different person, and even though he may not have all of the answers he wanted, he has learned to put others ahead of himself during the search. The Elixir Peter Parker has brought back from his journey is that of a new hero. He is no longer just Peter Parker, fatherless teenager. He is Spider-Man. (Milles). Peter Andrew Garfield who is the actor of Spiderman did a good job in the movie because it is a challenge to an actor to have a big different from being a normal person to an amazing ultimate hero. Andrew Garfield can express and show on his face that the inner features of Spiderman to the audience. Honestly, the only person I do not satisfy is Emma Stone, who is the actress of Gwen Stacy, and I reckon many of the commends on the internet board criticize that she has not done a great job on her part. For instance, there is a frightening scene that she is holding a knife hiding when Dr. Connors has become the Lizard and chasing her. I am sorry to say that, but I cannot feel any scary moment in the scene. For the love scene, I do not think she acts like a spouse of Peter Parker. Also, she did not have the interaction with her family show that she is rebellious. The plot is moving smooth and clear when I follow along to the hero’s journey. Refer to the hero’s journey, the plot is developed and excited. I would not find any boring scene in the entire movie. When I watched along with it, I would have many unexpected things happen, and really influence the audience to keep watching on it. Moreover, the music composer of the movie is James Horner. Indeed, he is a great composer of film music. James Horner also composes some great movies such as Titanic and Avatar. He is currently as famous as John Williams and the music they composed does make the audience impressed. His music moved the audience, and there is no doubt that film music is so significant because we are not only watching the screen, but listen to the music also. Amazing Spiderman is well-developed movie as following the classic hero’s journey. It does make the audience easy to follow and a feeling of unexpected. Also, the action scene is exciting to watch. Even though I know it is not real, but I really get into it. Furthermore, the music do influence the audience and no movie can neglect music because it is an crucial tools.

The Story Great Expectations Written by Charles Dickens

The story Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens has a recurring theme: guilt and innocence. It is present from the first page where young Pip encounters a convict demanding food and a file to almost the very end of the book where Abel Magwitch is sentenced to death for the drowning of another convict, Compeyson. The clichà ©, â€Å"No one is innocent,† can be easily applied to the characters of Great Expectations. Pip, the protagonist and narrator of the story, may not be one of the convicts mentioned in this story but throughout he broods with guilt over things he has done, mostly lying and snobbery towards those who love him. His first crime, one could say, is in Chapter II, where he steals a wide selection of foods and some brandy from the pantry in his home. Then he went to Joe’s forge and stole a file for the convict, later revealed as Magwitch, to saw away the irons on his ankles. Another instance of Pip’s guilt is in Chapter IX, where he tells a grand lie about Miss Havisham and how Estella fed him cake on a gold plate. After looking at Joe, Pip considered himself a â€Å"young monster† (Dickens, 58) and tells only Joe the truth. A final example of shame for Pip is his snobbery after becoming a gentleman. In Chapter XIX, he is conversing with Biddy about Joe when he says, â€Å"‘†¦Joe is a very good fellow†¦ but he is rather backward in some things. For instance, Biddy, in his learning and his manners’† (116). Then, in the same conversation, he says to Biddy, â€Å"‘†¦YouShow MoreRelated Attitudes toward Victorian Society in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens1156 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations Explore some of the ways in which Dickens’ attitudes to Victorian society are presented in the opening chapter of Great Expectations. For this essay I will be focusing on the opening chapters of Great Expectations, a novel written by Charles Dickens. I am going to consider the Victorian society at the time and dickens’ use of language to express themes, settings and characters. Charles Dickens wrote this story in the Victorian times. Hence we seem to think what ‘does heRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narrator feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations: Prose Study Coursework How Did Charles Dickens Create Sympathy for Pip in the Opening Chapter of Great Expectation?1161 Words   |  5 PagesGreat expectations: Prose study coursework How did Charles Dickens create sympathy for Pip in the opening chapter of great expectation? In this essay I’m going to be writing about a Charles Dickens book called ‘Great Expectations’ and how he successfully makes the reader feel sorry for the main character in the book named Pip; a young orphan, alone in a graveyard and how bad his life is or how bad its going to get. Dickens makes the reader feel sorry for Pip because we find out that, apart fromRead More How the Views of Magwitch Change through the Course of the Novel734 Words   |  3 PagesMagwitch Change through the Course of the Novel Great Expectations is about a boy called Pip, who has Great Expectations and doesnt want to be poor all his life. Along his way, a lot of strange things happen to him, such as meeting strange people and getting money off unknown people. Great Expectations was wrote in 1860 and was Dickens thirteenth novel. This essay will be about how our views on Magwitch change through the story, such as at the beginning us thinking he is evil and nastyRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story isRead MoreDickens Life Expressed Through Pip in Great Expectations Essay585 Words   |  3 PagesGreat Expectations was a novel written by Charles Dickens. It was first published in serial form from 1st December 1860 and then further on was released in book form in August 1861, although was previously issued by David Copperfield in 1849. This novel reworks hi s own childhood as a first-person narrative; Dickens was fortunate and had an advantage of writing Great Expectations due to him living in the Victorian times, and he related his life experiences with the main character of the play, ‘Pip’Read More The Childhood of Charles Dickens Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood of Charles Dickens      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I do not write resentfully or angrily: for I know all these things have worked together to make me what I am - Charles Dickens    Charles Dickenss tumultuous childhood did indeed shape the person he became, as well as have a definite impact on his literary career.   There are shades of young Dickens in many of his most beloved characters, including David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, and of course, Great Expectations Pip.   LikeRead MoreThe Great Expectations Of The Industrial Revolution1528 Words   |  7 Pagesand little food. They also were considered by most societies to be property of their parents. Children had little protection from governments who viewed them as having little to no civil rights outside of their parents wishes, and Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations helps bring some of these conditions to light. The times of the Industrial Revolution were the root of child labor issues. Laborers were in greater demand than ever, and not enough men or women could fill their needs; children wereRead MoreThe Opening of Dickens Great Expectations as Compelling Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe Opening of Dickens Great Expectations as Compelling Charles Dickenss Great Expectations contains one of the most famous opening chapters of a novel ever written. It is very effective in making the reader want to read on. He uses many techniques which makes each paragraph flow into the next. The novel was a very popular literary form in the Victorian period, in a time before the invention of modern forms of entertainment such as television and video. As theRead MoreDickens Views on Victorian Englands Class System1084 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations, a novel written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian era. This novel was set in early Victorian England at a time when great social changes were taking place. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had transformed the social landscape, allowing industrialists and manufacturers to accumulate huge fortunes that would otherwise have been inaccessible. Aside from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social change took

Finding Hope and Courage Through Faith - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 758 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Faith Essay Did you like this example? When people go through a series of misfortunate events, they turn to believe in a universal power or put their faith in God. Having a strong belief in someone or something helps overcome everyday struggles. It makes people mentally stronger to be able to handle hardships. In the memoirs Every Falling Star and How Dare the Sun Rise, both Sungju Lee and Sandra Uwiringiyimana conquer fear and survival through developing hope and courage by turning to their faith while going through hardships. In both memoirs, the characters open up to God for the first time when they are in the need of survival. In Every Falling Star, Sungju was never exposed to the idea of praying to a higher power. He first sees his mother praying after his father leaves to china, so he asks, ?What does praying mean? (Lee 75). This reveals the lack of knowledge Sungju has towards the significance of praying at first. His mother and Sungju are struggling for food and are worried about his dad. His mother replies, some people talk to a higher power, a universal power, an energythat higher power listens and answers what we ask of it. We speak to that power in the form of prayers,(Lee 75). After his father left for China, the only way they believed they could communicate with him was through this universal power. This gave Sungju the urge to learn how to pray, so he can communicate with his dad which built hope in him that his father is safe wherever he is. His desire to have faith in a universal power help s him have hope that he will eventually meet his family again. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Finding Hope and Courage Through Faith" essay for you Create order This hope allowed him to continue to strive and survive as a kotjebi. In How Dare the Sun Rise, Sandra starts putting faith in God when her family is struggling to survive because of the discrimination towards her tribe. Sandra says, I began to open myself to the idea of Gods helpMy faith began to deepenI put my faith in God,(Uwiringiyimana 94). She opens herself up to God and begins praying. Sandras faith helps her throughout her journey by building hope and courage towards many things, such as moving to a different country. Her decision on putting her faith in God lets her build courage. The courage that she gained from her faith helped in many situations including her flashbacks. Both characters turn to their faith when they are in fear. In Every Falling Star, Sungju states, One morning after I awoke screaming from a nightmare in which I saw a strange white creature, half man, half monster, with fire for wings, I asked my mother to teach me how to pray,(Lee 76). Sungju feared getting these terrible dreams again, so instead, he started praying. Praying to this universal power that he believes in made all his fears disappear and made him gain courage and mental strength. Similarly, in How Dare the Sun Rise, Sandra faces fear during the massacre when she is unable to know whether her family members are alive. Sandra says, I prayed to god. ?If you keep my parents alive, I will be good I promised.I kept praying. I begged god to please let us all survive,(Uwiringiyimana 9). Sandra prays to god when she fears that her parents might have been killed during the massacre. She feels lonely and she is traumatized by all the blood. Praying to God during this fearful time helped her gain confidence that she and her family can survive the massacre. It also gave her the courage to keep running and trying to survive the massacre. For many people, faith isnt very easy to obtain. In both memoirs, Sungju and Sandra start praying to their God when they are in the need of survival. They also depend on faith to overcome fear. The faith that both the characters gain helps them throughout their journey. Sungju uses his faith as a support when he is a kotjebi and Sandra uses hers when she has a hard time in college. Sungju still has hope today that he will find his family back in North Korea, and Sandra gained the courage to talk about her experiences to inform other people in the world. Faith gives people hope and courage, it gives them the mental strength to handle any situation that arises. Works Cited Lee, Sungju and McClelland, Susan. Every Falling Star. New York: Amulet Books, 2016. Uwiringiyimana, Sandra and Pesta, Abigail. How Dare the Sun Rise. New York: Katherine Tegen Books, 2017.

The Taming Of The Shrew - 1313 Words

The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy/love story written by Shakespeare between 1590 and 1592. However, in the current era with new beliefs of men and women’s roles, The Taming of The Shrew is seen as pure misogyny. The plot of the play follows the idea that Bianca, the youngest daughter, is a beautiful young girl with lots of male attention and is eager to wed, though her wealthy father will not allow it until her older hot-tempered sister also has a suitor. Many modern films has been made on this famous Shakespearean play, including; Taming of the Shrew directed by Franco Zeffirelli, 1967. The film is a filmic rendering of the play. 10 things I hate about you, 1999, is a loose adaptation of the play, directed by Gil Junger. 10 Things is a†¦show more content†¦This is shown when she throws a stool at Gremio and Hortensio for saying she is too hard for a husband and needs to be milder and gentler. When Petruchio comes to Padua to find a wife, he is not interested in loo ks or personality, he comes only looking for money. As he goes to Katerina’s home to ask Baptista for her hand in marriage, one of the most important settlements Petruchio wants to agree on is the dowry he receives from the marriage. At first Katerina is completely against the marriage and attempts to say no at the wedding although he kisses her before she can speak. At Bianca’s wedding, Katerina claims, â€Å"...Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign; one that cares for thee†¦ And when she is froward, peevish, sullen, sour and not obedient to his honest will, What is she but a foul contending rebel?† She does this to describe a woman s role. This shows, despite the starvation, sleep deprivation, and overall mistreatment Petruchio gives to Katerina, she is eventually â€Å"tamed† by him and becomes submissive to his misogynistic views. Kat from 10 Things I Hate About You, is an independent, likable and head strong girl who cannot stand misogyny or sexism. In the first scene of the film, Kat’s personality is displayed as she pulls up at the lights in her old car blaring loud music next to a group of girls in their convertible singing along to the radio. Kat is an opinionated character, however, compared to Katerina sheShow MoreRelatedThe Taming Of The Shrew1180 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1600s, William Shakespeare wrote the play The Taming of the Shrew. This play has been well-known throughout the ages. The play has been adapted into film and the two most popular version of it are The Taming of the Shrew and 10 Things I Hate About You. The movie The Taming of the Shrew was released in 1967, while the newer version came out as, 10 Things I Hate About You which was released in 1999. Even though these two variations are based off the same play they have many similaritiesRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew was written somewhere between 1592 an d 1594 (Bevington 2). Taming of the Shrew’s titular theme is Petruchio â€Å"taming† his shrewish wife, Katharina, which was a common theme for plays during Elizabethan England. However, the play delves so much deeper into their relationship than just focusing on a male’s forced submission of a female. In fact, The Taming of the Shrew offers a sophisticated opinion on how a married couple should interact. Petruchio’s grand scheme of how he willRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1132 Words   |  5 PagesIn order for two comparative texts to develop ones understanding of shared themes and ideas they must over come the boundaries of differing contexts and explore the strong parallels between them. Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† (1590-1592) was composed during the Elizabethan era in contrast to Gil Junger’s â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† (1999) set around 1990s America. Although the diverse time periods their correlating plots are indicators of appropriation and pronounce an intertextualRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare is a rich play for interpretation mainly because of its controversial content, due to the of power dynamics of Petruchio and Katharina. I chose to stage The Taming of the Shrew because I found the storyline engaging and I felt that the play would be able to be staged nontraditionally while continuing to retain its storyline and original language. For my production I would like Katharina and Petruchio to be in their late teens around 16 to 19 years oldRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play The Taming of the Shrew, the main character, Katharina Minola is portrayed as a shrew. Her behavior emanated from the fact that a father who treated her with indifference raised her and there was a lack of a motherly influence in her life. â€Å"Shakespeare sketches her character with a depth the typical shrew lacks† (â€Å"The Taming and Comic Tradition† 1) so her behavior is a defense mechanism used to protect herself from rejection. Katharina â€Å"is aggressive and belligerent, butRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew934 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew introduces the audience to the Elizabethan era. The mindset of the people in this era might be hard to grasp for the modern reader. The demeaning treatment and subsequent submission of women i s a constant theme in the play. During this era, women were meant to obedient, submissive, and compliant to their husband. Katherine Minola, the daughter of Baptista defies society’s standards and is known for her outspokenness and thus labeled a â€Å"shrew.† Due to her aggressiveRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesKatharina, also known as Kate, is the main protagonist and her fiery personality is the focal point of the Shakespeare play, â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†. Her outspoken and quick-witted disposition is at odds with polite society thus earning her the offensive moniker ‘Shrew’, which essentially means a bad-tempered despicable old hag. Contrary to belief, she is, for the most part, an opinionated woman who has the courage to speak those opinions loudly to men that would prefer she’d be quiet. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1023 Words   |  5 PagesKristine Lieu Mr. Smith English 2, Period 1 02 March 2016 The Taming of the Shrew Introduction What happens when two fouled tongue and short tempered human beings gets married and try to get dominate each other? In the play, The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, the shrew, Katherine is compelled to marry the severe Petruchio, whose ravenousness for Katherine s settlement is coordinated just by his nonchalance for her contentious mentality. To start with, Katherine is unwilling to complyRead MoreTaming of the Shrew866 Words   |  4 PagesTaming of the shrew The Taming of the shrew was just one of William Shakespeares 4 great comedies. Taming of the shrew is based on a king named Baptista who had two daughters named Katherina and Bianca. Both daughters had arranged marriages by there father. Since Katherina was older she had to get married first. Her father chose Petruchio for her to marry. Katherina did not want to get married to Pertuchio, but Katherina did not have a choice. Katherina was very disobedient at the begging ofRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1108 Words   |  5 PagesJude Brooks-Benham, The Taming of the Shrew Shakespeare s The Taming of the Shrew focuses not only on the roles of the sexes, but also plays with the varying social roles found in society from head of the house to foot of the house. Tranio finds himself at the bottom of this social ladder, a servant to Lucentio. However Tranio employs his wit and cunning to raise his status at the expense of his master. Tranio is a manipulative intellectual who uses persuasive rhetoric and wit to distract Lucentio

Pharmacology The Concept of Alzheimer Disease

Question: Describe about the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Answer: Lay Summary The discussion topic here is focused on application of animal models to understand the concept of Alzheimers disease and its underlying pathogenesis. In researches of human disease, animal models help the researchers with better understanding of the disease process without harming or adding risk to an actual human individual. No transgenic models mimics exact human behavior, yet the capacity to study comparable pathological progressions inside living individuals have offered various insights into ailment mechanisms and chances to analyze therapeutic agents. Alzheimers is considered as a common form of dementia, which causes complications with behavior, thinking and memory (Zarka, 2011). Indications develop slowly and become worse eventually and also start interfering with the daily activities. In a lay man language this disease can also be termed as memory loss and loss of other intellectual capabilities that are severe enough to obstruct daily life activities (Holford, 2005). It is not considered as a normal measurement of aging, yet greatest identified risk aspect is rising age and most of the affected individuals are 65years old or even older. Alzheimers affected individual generally survives for almost eight years after their indications become noticeable. Current treatments related with the Alzheimers cannot stop this disease from progressing. These therapies can temporarily slow down the worsening affects of dementia indications and develop patients life quality and also the life quality of the care provider. Scientific Summary Recent advancements of biotechnology have helped the scientists immensely to think about such concept of designing animal models which can assist to understand and analyze the basic reason behind a particular human disease. With the help of recombinant DNA technology, the concept of knockout mice has been originated. These are considered as the most important animal models for examining the function of genes. These genes are sequenced, but their functions are not determined. In knockout mice the gene of interest is inactivated purposely and after that the difference is observed by comparing with the normal pathology. Thus, this type of animal model helps researchers to predict probable function of that particular gene of interest. Over expression of amyloid precursor proteins contribute to the accumulation and production of beta amyloid into plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. By manipulating genes production of the distinctive neuro-pathological lesions inside animal gives raise to the progressive neurodegeneration and sometimes related behavioral disruptions are identified within AD patients. Knock out models of AD related proteins have been developed to illustrate the indigenous role of the genes and analyze if pathogenesis is because of loss of genetic function or poisonous increase of function within the system. Pathology of Alzheimers disease comprises three consistent neuropathological characteristics. These are amyloid-rich senile plaques, neuronal degeneration and neurofibrillary tangles. Acetylcholine is considered as a vital neurotransmitter in the portions of brain, which participate in the formation of memory. Loss of acetylcholine activity shows an association with Alzheimers disease severity. Drugs that are used to treat this disease work by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (Casadesus, 2011). These inhibitors block esterase arbitrated metabolism of acetylcholine to acetate and choline. This gives rise to the increased amount of acetylcholine within synaptic cleft and augmented acetylcholine availability for presynaptic and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Apolipoprotein E4 on 19chromosome shows late commencement of Alzhimers disease. Apolipoprotein E4 allele increase the risk and reduce the age of commencement of this disease in dose ass ociated fashion. Transgenic animal models have helped the researchers to obtain the basic and the most important information associated with Alzheimers disease. Introduction Alzheimers disease is said to be common reason of dementia among the aged people, who are 65years old and even older (Perry, 2013). It affects almost 10% people over 65years of age and 50% people over 85years of age. Almost 4million Alzheimers patients are present in the United States itself and fourth leading reason of death in United States (Alz.org, 2015). Overwhelmingly most of the AD patients are cared at home by their friends and family members. Annual treatment of this disease costs almost $100billion (Alz.org, 2015). Projected prevalence of Alzheimers disease; Progress of Alzheimers disease; source: (Samakashvili et al., 2011) Alzheimers disease develops through different stages; source: (Samakashvili et al., 2011) Alzheimers disease is considered as a neurological brain disorder, which is irreversible and progressive. According to the scientists no single cause is present for this disease. It is probably the consequence of a blend of inter-associated factors, comprising genetic aspects that are inherited along with family lines and influences from the environment that range from an early head injury to educational level to individuals understanding near the beginning in life. Now-a-days, life style factors are also thought to be associated with this disease, for instance: dietary habits, high cholesterol, and higher level of blood pressure that may influence individuals risk of this disease. It is a common type of dementia tracked by dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia (Kwon and Choi, 2013). Assessment of this disease includes informant history, functional and physical assessment, brain imaging and focused labs. Initial treatments objectives comprise improve life quality, function maximization by developing behavior, mood and cognition. Treatment can be applied non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Community resourced need to be applied to support the care providers, family members and patients (Gauthier, 2012). Non pharmacological factors include cognitive enhancement, individual therapy and group therapy, regular appointments, communication with care providers and family members, safety attention and environmental modification (Birbaumer, 2011). Pharmacological factors include cholinesterase inhibitors, for example: galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine; other cognitive enhancers comprise ginko biloba, vitamin E, NSAIDs and estrogen; antipsychotics and antidepressants. Symptom management of this disease may include sun-downing, hallucinations, delusions or psychoses, hypersexuality, sleep disturbances and aggression. Stages of Alzheimers disease Stage1. Normal: mentally healthy individual. Stage2. Aged forgetfulness: individuals more than 65years of age experience subjective criticisms of functional and cognitive complications (Dash and Villemarette-Pittman, 2005). Stage3. Little cognitive impairment: the capability to carry out executive works becomes compromised; for those individuals who are working their performance may turn down. Stage4. Mild Alzheimers: most general functioning deficit is decreased ability to deal with complicated activities of daily life, such as: capability to manage accounts and to arrange foods for guests and many more. Stage5. Moderate Alzheimers: shows a decrease in the capacity to select appropriate clothing to wear for different weather conditions and daily occasions or situations. Stage6. Moderately serious Alzheimers: capacity to carry out basic daily living activities becomes compromised. Stage7. Severe Alzheimers: the sufferers need continuous support with basic daily living activities for survival. The diagnostic tests for this disease include medical history: an interview session to recognize pre-medical complications; physical examination: assessments of heart, lungs, sight and hearing, pulse reading, blood pressure and temperature; neuropsychological examinations: physicians use different assessment tools to evaluate problem-solving, memory, vision-motor coordination, attention and theoretical thinking, for example: calculating simple calculation without the help of any pen, paper or calculator and brain imaging scan: CT scans and MRI illustrate the brain structure and are applied to exclude blood clots or tumors inside the brain as the cause for indications. Most of the genes associated with human disease are owned by evolutionary conserved paths that are found in simple organisms, for example: Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. These pathways and genes of the simpler organisms can be pharmacologically and genetically manipulated to understand mechanism and function in a better way and also the way these genes are linked with the pathogenesis of various ailments (Birbaumer, 2011). These manipulations can be carried out frequently in worms and flies than in mammals. And can be performed quite rapidly and produce high quality information which are translatable to the mammalian organizations. Other qualities are also present which make these organisms typically well suited for human disease study. For example: constructing in vivo disease structures which can help clarify basic systems underlying disease, because in vitro examinations do not always represent normal physiological complexity related to different diseases. Ani mal models, especially invertebrate models are comparatively inexpensive, have little lifespan, easy to experiment with and often have stereotypical and well characterized development. Precisely understanding the etiopathogenic systems of different neurodegenerative disorders are considered as crucial step for improving disease modifying medicines that are capable to prevent the disease emergence or slow disease progression. Animal replicas contribute to amplify the knowledge on the neurodegerative disease pathophysiology. These animal models mimic various aspects of stated disease, in addition to the main symptoms and histopathological lesions. Though the advanced animal models have helped greatly to understand the Alzheimers disease pathogenesis, lack of knowledge regarding the cause of this disease makes it complicated to structure an AD featuring model, which hinders the characterization and discovery of efficient drugs. At present, most employed animal prototypes are developed depend on recognized genetic mutations associated with the Alzheimers disease. Nevertheless, almost more than 90% cases are sporadic and the fundamental causes are not known (Casadesus, 2011). Hence, the genetic based models do not summarize all the features associated with sporadic Alzheimers disease and do not even cover all the factors, which may influence the etiopathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimers disease, for example: apolipoprotein E. Other complicating factors are that AD animal models do not display wide-ranging neuronal cell loss that is observed in human Alzheimer patients. Amyloid beta or A is closely associated with the pathogenesis of AD; hence AD rodent models are designed by intracerebral infusion of amyloid beta peptides. Direct intracerebral amyloid beta peptide injection causes memory deficit and learning deficits, along with neuropathological lterations, which resemble human Alzheimers disease, microglial activation, inflammation and restricted loss of cells (Lee and Lim, 2010). The infusion rodent model allows scientists to administer identified levels of specific amyloid beta species of recognized length and sequence, before waiting for aging process for the construction of pathological alterations within transgenic animal models. Infusion models are very much helpful for pre-clinical testing of drugs as the models can give experimental outcomes, comprising the pathology of plaque in a time-frame of few weeks. Nevertheless the administered A concentration is higher than A concentration found within the brain of Alzheimer affected individuals, leading to the alterations of the brain, which surpass the aging effct on Alzheimers disease progression. On the other hand, genetically altered mice over expressiong amyloid beta 42 or APP accumulate amyloid beta plaques and soluble amyloid beta oligomers in an age dependant way (Jagust, 2009). These APP models show progressive amyloid beta deposition in neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques, astrocytosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, neurotransmission alterations, mild hippocampal atrophy, microgliosis, behavioral and cognitive deficits. Review and Discussion The article Neurodegeneration and Alzheimers disease: the lesson from tauopathies by G. Sorrentino and V. Bonavita (2007) is one of the very significant articles that critically examines the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis which is generally considered to be a decisive factor in Alzheimers disease (Sorrentino and Bonavita, 2007). This article further throws light on the apoptotic mechanisms that are considered as the connecting links which A deposition and proteolysis of tau. The primary objective of this article is to situate the morphology factors which characterize the more general neurodegen. The hypothesis of Amyloid Cascade basically suggests that the main event in the Alzheimers disease is the deposition of the fibrils of -amyloid protein (A). The authors objected to this hypothesis on the ground that this particular hypothesis is weak when correlated to the plaque load and severity of dementia. According to the authors the correlation between dementia and synaptic loss depict that the Alzheimers disease may be considered under the synaptic failure. The authors further state that the significant factor that can be extracted from the studies of mutations in the domestic form of fronto-temporal dementia would be the mutation which is enough to cause neuronal loss. Most of the data observations suggest one such model of Alzheimers disease which as a result of the overproduction and minimized clearance of A deposition. This however is considered as an early event in pathogenic sequence. There is wide amount of data available that suggest that the apoptotic mechanism tend to represent the link between proteolysis of tau and the A deposition. Jointly, all these observations indicate that in the model of AD where the excessive production or the minimized clearance of the A results in a flow of events which lead to direct neuronal loss or loss resulting from changes in the tau. With regard to experimenting with the animal models there exists a huge line of evidence that join to show the soluble oligomers of A, however it does not demonstrate the insoluble amyloid fibrils. These soluble oligomers of A are sometimes responsible for the synaptic dysfunction that generally takes place in the brains of the animal models. The article conducted a study to further show that the tau expression had given NFT pathology certain amount of neuronal loss as well as behavioral deficiency. Nevertheless, it needs to be kept in mind that when this source of tau was concealed there was an improvement in the memory that was observed when there was a progress in the NFT pathology. As a result of these observations, in the animal model the neuro degeneration is observed to be caused due to an oligomeric or a pre-tangle tau and not by the NFTs themselves. Looking from this point of NFT can be considered as an indicator of damage which has already been done rather than the direct pathogen which is viewed as the A plaques by most scientists. Hence it can be stated that the article even though deals primarily with the missing link also closely analyses the results on the animal models. Scientists Peter T. Nelson et al. (2009) have conducted an animal model study to reveal a complicated association between cognitive impairment and neuropathology in Alzheimers disease (Nelson, Braak and Markesbery, 2009). It is known worldwide that neurofibrillry tangles and plaques are pathological hallmarks of this disease. Controversies are present about the application of present AD diagnostic criteria and whether neurofibrillry tangles and plaques are involved in cognitive impairment. According to them neither pathological nor clinical features for Alzheimers disease develop in a direct manner. They have discussed about patients with medical dementia with no amyloid plaques and neurofibrillry tangles and also if individuals with no cognitive impairment can have severe Alzheimers type pathological assessments at autopsy. The clinicopathological studies need suppositions regarding pathologoical substrates. They have suggested that neurofibrillry tangles and plaques may not be path ogenetic. These abnormalities could also be a neuroprotective response to different disease stimuli, for example: inflammation or oxidative stress (Lefterov, 2009). Neither the inflammatory brain complication nor oxidative stresses have been demonstrated to stimulate neurofibrillry tangles in animal models. All the nervous cells and non-nerve cells may react to inflammation and oxidative stress, sometimes with different extent. The researchers have interpreted qualitative pathological evaluations and genetic evidence of Alzheimers brains, typically the pathology of the neurofibrillry tangles, which appears to invade upon and distort normal cell components to specify toxic than other protective function. They have concluded that the association of cognitive impairment along with tangles and plaques with is complicated in Alzheimers but rational. Soluble oligomeric amyloid beta species formed by 1-30 amyloid beta amino acids associate better than the plaques along with cognitive impai rment in transgenic mice that are Alzheimers affected and humans (Lefterov, 2009). The loss of synaptic responses which might be brought about by neurotoxic effect of soluble amyloid beta oligomers and tau pathology is said to be directly associated with cognitive impairment. Mice that overproduce amylod beta protein do not exhibit neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, amyloid beta pathology can trigger kinases, down-regulate phosphatases and damage the degradation of tau. These mechanisms lead to tau pathology. As a result, great challenges are present further on to develop next generation animal models to efficiently assist the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. References Alz.org, (2015).Latest Facts Figures Report | Alzheimer's Association. [online] Available at: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_facts_and_figures.asp [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Birbaumer, N. (2011). Alzheimer's disease patients' cognitive functions are enhanced following a new non-invasive non-pharmacological treatment.Alzheimer's Dementia, 7(4), p.S669. Casadesus, G. (2011).Handbook of animal models in Alzheimer's disease. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Dash, P. and Villemarette-Pittman, N. (2005).Alzheimer's disease. New York, N.Y.: Demos. Gauthier, S. (2012). Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's Dementia, 8(4), p.P2. Holford, P. (2005).Alzheimers prevention plan. Jagust, W. (2009). Will Neuroimaging help us understand Alzheimer's disease?.Alzheimer's Dementia, 5(4), p.P1. Kwon, J. and Choi, N. (2013). Binswanger-type vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND) and vascular dementia (VaD).Alzheimer's Dementia, 9(4), pp.P788-P789. Lee, C. and Lim, H. (2010). Altered visuospatial working memory process in patients with Alzheimer's disease: fMRI investigation.Alzheimer's Dementia, 6(4), p.S285. Lefterov, I. (2009). Role of Abca1, ApoE and ApoA-I in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: Lessons from complex animal models.Alzheimer's Dementia, 5(4), p.P168. Nelson, P., Braak, H. and Markesbery, W. (2009). Neuropathology and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer Disease.Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 68(1), pp.1-14. Perry, G. (2013).Alzheimers disease. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Samakashvili, S., Ibez, C., Sim, C., Gil-Bea, F., Winblad, B., Cedazo-Mnguez, A. and Cifuentes, A. (2011). Analysis of chiral amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid samples linked to different stages of Alzheimer disease.ELECTROPHORESIS, 32(19), pp.2757-2764. Sorrentino, G. and Bonavita, V. (2007). Neurodegeneration and Alzheimers disease: the lesson from tauopathies.Neurological Sciences, 28(2), pp.63-71. Zarka, H. (2011).Alzheimers. [Kbh.]: Korridor.